Los arquetipos femeninos en la publicidad televisiva como parte de los procesos de educación informal
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2008
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INIE
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El objetivo general del proyecto es analizar los arquetipos femeninos que utilizan / reproducen los mensajes
publicitarios televisivos que muestran a mujeres y establecer la relación existente entre estos y la cultura patriarcal.
Con el fin de analizar el contenido de una muestra de anuncios publicitarios desde la perspectiva
de arquetipos femeninos se tomará como guía metodológica categorías propuestas por Daniel Prieto con su
planteamiento “análisis de mensajes” y Van Dijk en “análisis crítico del discurso” que resultan ser perspectivas complementarias. Como fase previa al análisis de los anuncios publicitarios se confecciona una ficha de identificación para cada uno que contiene los siguientes elementos: Título, fecha, productor, producto o servicio que ofrece, medio de comunicación donde aparece, horario de transmisión y público meta. Además se establecieron los siguientes criterios para seleccionar los comerciales:
• Que incluyeran a mujeres, en cualquier etapa de la vida
• Que tuvieran una duración de 30 segundos
• Podían incluir hombres
• Que se hubieran pautado en el mes de marzo.
• Que se presentaran en los canales comerciales costarricenses, lo cual no se logró por las bases de datos
con que se contó incluían comerciales que fueron pautados en canales de televisión por cable. Los comerciales revisados fueron pautados en los canales nacionales: 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 38, 29, 42, 33 y tres
canales de Cable Tica y tres de Amnet que se alternan durante el mes.
Se hizo una preselección de 104 comerciales, con los criterios anteriormente citados. La investigadora responsable revisó la preselección y redujo la muestra a 30 comerciales: Para ello se tomaron criterios definidos: que tuvieran duración de 30 segundos, que incluyeran mujeres y que fueran de productos y servicios variados.
Entre las conclusiones del estudio se mencionan las siguientes:
• Se concluye que a la hora de revisar cada unos de los comerciales elegidos para la investigación, se logró
constatar la presencia de mayor cantidad de cautiverios femeninos que de arquetipos femeninos, ya
que abundan los cautiverios en categorías como la de abarrotes, detergentes y telepromos. Lo anterior
denota y ejemplifica la forma en que la imagen de la mujer es usada dentro de los comerciales y en los
medios de comunicación en general, se retrata su forma oprimida como parte de la vida diaria y acontecer
“normal” del género en particular.
• Se encontró la presencia del arquetipo de madre y una abundante presencia del cautiverio de la madresposa, lo cual concuerda con la cultura patriarcal, ya que esta propone como el deber ser de las
mujeres el ser madres, pero más que ello madresposas, seres que viven para otros.
• Se constata que existe una concordancia entre cautiverios, arquetipos y las categorías en que se agruparon los comerciales; así como entre estos y los espacios (públicos y privados), puesto que categorías en donde el espacio privado es de gran importancia obtuvieron una gran cantidad de cautiverios y escasos
arquetipos; mientras que categorías y comerciales en donde imperaba el espacio público había mayor
cantidad de arquetipos; sin embargo, su número nunca excede a los cautiverios.
ABSTRACT: The general objective of the project is to analyze the female archetypes that use / reproduce television advertising messages that show women and establish the existing relationship between them and the patriarchal culture. In order to analyze the content of a sample of advertisements from the perspective of female archetypes, the methodological guide will be taken as categories proposed by Daniel Prieto with his "message analysis" approach and Van Dijk in "critical discourse analysis" that turn out to be complementary perspectives. As a preliminary phase to the analysis of the advertisements, an identification card is drawn up for each one that contains the following elements: Title, date, producer, product or service offered, means of communication where it appears, transmission schedule and target audience. In addition, the following criteria were established to select the commercial ones: • That they include women, at any stage of life • That had a duration of 30 seconds • They could include men • That they had been scheduled in the month of March. • To be presented in the Costa Rican commercial channels, which was not achieved by the databases that were included in commercials that were scheduled on cable television channels. The revised commercials were scheduled on national channels: 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 38, 29, 42, 33 and three Cable Tica and three Amnet channels that alternate during the month. A pre-selection of 104 commercials was made, with the aforementioned criteria. The responsible researcher reviewed the pre-selection and reduced the sample to 30 commercials: For this purpose, defined criteria were taken: that had a duration of 30 seconds, that included women and that were of varied products and services. Among the conclusions of the study are the following: • It is concluded that at the time of reviewing each of the commercials chosen for the investigation, it was possible to confirm the presence of a greater number of female captives than female archetypes, since captives abound in categories such as groceries, detergents and telepromes. . The foregoing denotes and exemplifies the way in which the image of women is used within commercials and in the media in general, their oppressed form is portrayed as part of daily life and become "normal" of the genre in particular. • The presence of the mother archetype and an abundant presence of the mother's captivity were found, which agrees with the patriarchal culture, since it proposes that women should be mothers, but more than mothers, beings that live for others. • It is verified that there is a concordance between captives, archetypes and the categories in which the commercials were grouped; as well as between these and the spaces (public and private), since categories in which the private space is of great importance obtained a great amount of captivity and few archetypes; while categories and commercials where public space prevailed had more archetypes; however, their number never exceeds captivity.
ABSTRACT: The general objective of the project is to analyze the female archetypes that use / reproduce television advertising messages that show women and establish the existing relationship between them and the patriarchal culture. In order to analyze the content of a sample of advertisements from the perspective of female archetypes, the methodological guide will be taken as categories proposed by Daniel Prieto with his "message analysis" approach and Van Dijk in "critical discourse analysis" that turn out to be complementary perspectives. As a preliminary phase to the analysis of the advertisements, an identification card is drawn up for each one that contains the following elements: Title, date, producer, product or service offered, means of communication where it appears, transmission schedule and target audience. In addition, the following criteria were established to select the commercial ones: • That they include women, at any stage of life • That had a duration of 30 seconds • They could include men • That they had been scheduled in the month of March. • To be presented in the Costa Rican commercial channels, which was not achieved by the databases that were included in commercials that were scheduled on cable television channels. The revised commercials were scheduled on national channels: 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 38, 29, 42, 33 and three Cable Tica and three Amnet channels that alternate during the month. A pre-selection of 104 commercials was made, with the aforementioned criteria. The responsible researcher reviewed the pre-selection and reduced the sample to 30 commercials: For this purpose, defined criteria were taken: that had a duration of 30 seconds, that included women and that were of varied products and services. Among the conclusions of the study are the following: • It is concluded that at the time of reviewing each of the commercials chosen for the investigation, it was possible to confirm the presence of a greater number of female captives than female archetypes, since captives abound in categories such as groceries, detergents and telepromes. . The foregoing denotes and exemplifies the way in which the image of women is used within commercials and in the media in general, their oppressed form is portrayed as part of daily life and become "normal" of the genre in particular. • The presence of the mother archetype and an abundant presence of the mother's captivity were found, which agrees with the patriarchal culture, since it proposes that women should be mothers, but more than mothers, beings that live for others. • It is verified that there is a concordance between captives, archetypes and the categories in which the commercials were grouped; as well as between these and the spaces (public and private), since categories in which the private space is of great importance obtained a great amount of captivity and few archetypes; while categories and commercials where public space prevailed had more archetypes; however, their number never exceeds captivity.
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MUJERES, PUBLICIDAD, TELEVISIÓN EDUCATIVA, WOMEN, PUBLICITY, EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION