Percepción y manejo de la disciplina en el aula.
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1996
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IIMEC
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Informe de la primera fase 1996, el Informe Final II fase 1998 y los módulos de este proyecto de investigación. Producto de un trabajo interdisciplinario, los objetivos que se contemplan en esta investigación son estudiar la interacción maestro-alumno y el manejo del aula en dos grupos de quinto grado, conocer las formas en que los maestros manejan la disciplina, y proponer un modelo de manejo de aula. Debido a que la disciplina es esencial para que un grupo y los individuos que lo constituyen puedan funcionar y partiendo de que la disciplina en la clase desempeña tres funciones (el establecimiento de formas de organización en el aula, la formación de valores morales y la formación de la conciencia en los alumnos), en este trabajo se plantea un análisis cualitativo de la disciplina en dos grupos de quinto grado, uno de una escuela metropolitana y otro de una urbano-marginal. El procedimiento incluye la observación directa y entrevistas con los directores de los centros educativos, los maestros, los conserjes y los mismos estudiantes. En total se realizaron 59 observaciones, correspondientes a 41 horas reloj. Para la interpretación de los resultados, se establecieron cuatro áreas: conducta del maestro, trabajo escolar, conducta de los niños y manejo de la disciplina. La conducta del maestro incluye las destrezas y limitaciones que el maestro manifiesta en el aula y los diferentes papeles que desempeña. Se dividió en cinco categorías: Comunicación no verbal (lenguaje corporal), comunicación verbal (posesiva, breve, explicativa, cordial, monólogos, contradictoria), Reacción del maestro (errática, indiferente, estimulante, prejuiciada, humorística, justificativa, cuidadosa), Papel del maestro (de apoyo, facilitador, instructor, controlador, evaluador), Radio de atención (amplio, limitado, inexistente). El trabajo escolar incluye las condiciones ambientales y didácticas que inciden en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje: Interrupciones (sin consecuencias negativas y con ellas), Utilización de los niños (en función del maestro), Técnicas (dictado, lectura y copia; resumen y exposición; interacción; trabajo autónomo; integración; instrucción; organización), Uso del tiempo (adecuado, inadecuado, libre), y Ambiente escolar. La conducta de los niños se divide en cuatro categorías: Estilos de llamar la atención entre pares (imitación, acusación, delegación, sonidos, órdenes), Conductas perturbadoras (fuera de su asiento, ruido, motoras, gritos, agresión, juegos, caos), Vida diaria (libertad de acción, desempeño del papel del maestro, compañerismo), y Reacciones de los niños (reafirmativas, agresivas). El manejo de la disciplina incluye técnicas y recursos que los maestros utilizan para lograr un comportamiento adecuado en la clase: Estilos de llamar la atención (laconismo, sonidos, amenazas, regaños, órdenes, devaluaciones, quejas, gestos, retroalimentación), Técnicas de disciplina (contacto físico, uso de la voz, efecto de la onda, control externo, acercamiento físico, reubicación física, privación de derechos, uso del silencio), Rutinas (entrada, salida, regreso del recreo, término de la actividad, género), Normas de trabajo escolar (establecimiento de normas, salida temporal del aula, levantar la mano), Manejo de la disciplina (autorización para movilizarse, recordatorio de normas) y Actividades (actividades novedosas e interesantes, actividades tradicionales). Finalmente, se validan los datos cualitativos con el procedimiento de evidencia convergente. Los temas sometidos a este proceso son: el concepto de disciplina, el concepto de disciplina del grupo observado, los actos de disciplina, la relación de la disciplina del grupo con la de la escuela y las técnicas de disciplina en el aula. El concepto de disciplina de los niños concuerda con lo que tradicionalmente se entiende por este término. Los adultos evidencian, por su parte, un conocimiento teórico. Los niños perciben la dificultad de la persona responsable de mantener la disciplina y se comportan no respetando los límites. 1998. Informe final (segunda fase). El objetivo primordial de la segunda fase fue la elaboración de un modelo para el manejo de la disciplina en el aula y la validación de este con diversas poblaciones. Los resultados obtenidos fueron estructurados en cuatro módulos, que corresponden a las áreas en que se organizó la información obtenida en el trabajo de campo: conducta del maestro, conducta de los niños, trabajo escolar, y manejo de la disciplina.
ABSTRACT: Report of the first phase 1996, the Final Report second phase 1998 and the modules of this research project. Product of an interdisciplinary work, the objectives contemplated in this research are to study teacher-student interaction and classroom management in two fifth-grade groups, to learn about the ways in which teachers handle discipline, and propose a management classroom model. Due to discipline is essential for a group and the individuals that can function, and based on the fact that discipline in the classroom performs three functions (the establishment of forms of organization in the classroom, the formation of moral values and the formation of consciousness in students), in this work a qualitative analysis of the discipline is proposed in two fifth grade groups, one from a metropolitan school and the other from an urban-marginal one. The procedure includes direct observation and interviews with the directors of the educational centers, the teachers, the custodians and the students themselves. A total of 59 observations took place, corresponding to 41 clock hours. For the interpretation of the results, four areas were established: teacher behavior, school work, children's behavior and discipline management. Teacher behavior includes the skills and limitations that the teacher manifests in the classroom and the different roles they play. It was divided into five categories: Non-verbal communication (body language), verbal communication (possessive, brief, explanatory, cordial, monologues, contradictory), Teacher reaction (erratic, indifferent, stimulating, prejudiced, humorous, justifying, careful), Role of the teacher (support, facilitator, instructor, controller, evaluator), Radius of attention (wide, limited, nonexistent). School work includes the environmental and didactic conditions that affect the teaching-learning process: Interruptions (without negative consequences and with them), Use of children (depending on the teacher), Techniques (dictation, reading and copying; summary and exposure; interaction; autonomous work; integration; instruction; organization), use of time (adequate, inappropriate, free), and School environment. Children's behavior is divided into four categories: Peer attention styles (imitation, accusation, delegation, sounds, commands), Disruptive behavior (out of seat, noise, motor, yelling, aggression, games, chaos) , Daily life (freedom of action, performance of the teacher's role, companionship), and Children's reactions (reaffirming, aggressive). Discipline management includes techniques and resources that teachers use to achieve appropriate behavior in the classroom: Attention styles (laconism, sounds, threats, scolding, orders, devaluations, complaints, gestures, feedback), Discipline techniques (physical contact, use of voice, wave effect, external control, physical approach, physical relocation, deprivation of rights, use of silence), Routines (entry, exit, return from recess, end of activity, gender), School work norms (establishment of norms, temporary exit from the classroom, raising the hand), Discipline management (authorization to mobilize, reminder of norms) and Activities (novel and interesting activities, traditional activities). Finally, the qualitative data are validated with the convergent evidence procedure. The subjects submitted to this process are: the concept of discipline, the concept of discipline of the observed group, acts of discipline, the relationship of group discipline with that of the school and discipline techniques in the classroom. The concept of child discipline agrees with what is traditionally understood by this term. Adults show, for their part, a theoretical knowledge. Children perceive the difficulty of the person responsible to maintain discipline and behave without respecting the limits. 1998. Final report (second phase). The primary objective of the second phase was the development of a model for the management of discipline in the classroom and its validation with various populations. The results obtained were structured in four modules, which correspond to the areas in which the information obtained in the fieldwork was organized: teacher behavior, children's behavior, school work, and discipline management.
ABSTRACT: Report of the first phase 1996, the Final Report second phase 1998 and the modules of this research project. Product of an interdisciplinary work, the objectives contemplated in this research are to study teacher-student interaction and classroom management in two fifth-grade groups, to learn about the ways in which teachers handle discipline, and propose a management classroom model. Due to discipline is essential for a group and the individuals that can function, and based on the fact that discipline in the classroom performs three functions (the establishment of forms of organization in the classroom, the formation of moral values and the formation of consciousness in students), in this work a qualitative analysis of the discipline is proposed in two fifth grade groups, one from a metropolitan school and the other from an urban-marginal one. The procedure includes direct observation and interviews with the directors of the educational centers, the teachers, the custodians and the students themselves. A total of 59 observations took place, corresponding to 41 clock hours. For the interpretation of the results, four areas were established: teacher behavior, school work, children's behavior and discipline management. Teacher behavior includes the skills and limitations that the teacher manifests in the classroom and the different roles they play. It was divided into five categories: Non-verbal communication (body language), verbal communication (possessive, brief, explanatory, cordial, monologues, contradictory), Teacher reaction (erratic, indifferent, stimulating, prejudiced, humorous, justifying, careful), Role of the teacher (support, facilitator, instructor, controller, evaluator), Radius of attention (wide, limited, nonexistent). School work includes the environmental and didactic conditions that affect the teaching-learning process: Interruptions (without negative consequences and with them), Use of children (depending on the teacher), Techniques (dictation, reading and copying; summary and exposure; interaction; autonomous work; integration; instruction; organization), use of time (adequate, inappropriate, free), and School environment. Children's behavior is divided into four categories: Peer attention styles (imitation, accusation, delegation, sounds, commands), Disruptive behavior (out of seat, noise, motor, yelling, aggression, games, chaos) , Daily life (freedom of action, performance of the teacher's role, companionship), and Children's reactions (reaffirming, aggressive). Discipline management includes techniques and resources that teachers use to achieve appropriate behavior in the classroom: Attention styles (laconism, sounds, threats, scolding, orders, devaluations, complaints, gestures, feedback), Discipline techniques (physical contact, use of voice, wave effect, external control, physical approach, physical relocation, deprivation of rights, use of silence), Routines (entry, exit, return from recess, end of activity, gender), School work norms (establishment of norms, temporary exit from the classroom, raising the hand), Discipline management (authorization to mobilize, reminder of norms) and Activities (novel and interesting activities, traditional activities). Finally, the qualitative data are validated with the convergent evidence procedure. The subjects submitted to this process are: the concept of discipline, the concept of discipline of the observed group, acts of discipline, the relationship of group discipline with that of the school and discipline techniques in the classroom. The concept of child discipline agrees with what is traditionally understood by this term. Adults show, for their part, a theoretical knowledge. Children perceive the difficulty of the person responsible to maintain discipline and behave without respecting the limits. 1998. Final report (second phase). The primary objective of the second phase was the development of a model for the management of discipline in the classroom and its validation with various populations. The results obtained were structured in four modules, which correspond to the areas in which the information obtained in the fieldwork was organized: teacher behavior, children's behavior, school work, and discipline management.
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DISCIPLINA ESCOLAR, EDUCACIÓN, DOCENTES, COMPORTAMIENTO ESTUDIANTIL, ALUMNOS, SCHOOL DISCIPLINE, EDUCATION, TEACHERS, STUDENT BEHAVIOR, STUDENTS